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ESSENTIAL MINERALS

“Essential Minerals” are inorganic elements from the natural world that are necessary for human health. Essential minerals are vital for the growth and development of bones and teeth and the physiological functions of muscles and nerves.

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Zinc

“Approximately one-third of the world’s population suffers from zinc deficiency following a consequence of low zinc consumption, malabsorption, or increased loss.”

“Other zinc deficiency predisposing factors include a low-protein diet, a vegetarian diet, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, parenteral nutrition, hookworm infection, AE, formula milk low in zinc, and other gastrointestinal and renal dysfunctions.”

Zinc is essential for physiological cellular functions, and is a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes, facilitating DNA and RNA synthesis and playing critical roles in immune function and wound healing. Zinc is also involved in protein synthesis and cell division. Zinc deficiency can slow wound healing, impair oral health, and lead to symptoms like loss of taste or smell, hair loss, skin lesions, and diarrhea. Cellular zinc status is closely related to immune function and homeostasis.

Dietary supplements can have several different forms of zinc, such as zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate.

Copper

Copper plays an important role in maintaining immune competence.  Copper deficiency can cause extreme tiredness, lightened patches of skin, high levels of cholesterol in the blood, and connective tissue disorders affecting the ligaments and skin. Other effects of copper deficiency are weak and brittle bones, loss of balance and coordination, and increased risk of infection.

Your body uses copper to carry out many important functions, including making energy, connective tissues, and blood vessels. Copper also helps maintain the nervous and immune systems and activates genes. Your body also needs copper for brain development.

Copper in dietary supplements is often in the forms of cupric oxide, cupric sulfate, copper amino acid chelates, and copper gluconate.

Magnesium

Physiological Mg balance is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function. Magnesium also activates enzymes and supports intracellular signaling; it plays an essential role in DNA and RNA synthesis, stabilizing membrane structures and potential. Magnesium deficiency can induce muscle cramps, twitches, fatigue, irregular heartbeats, osteoporosis, hypertension, and migraines. In addition, magnesium may contribute to steroidogenesis through its effects on enzyme activity and cellular signaling pathways.

Forms of magnesium in dietary supplements are magnesium aspartate, magnesium citrate, magnesium lactate, and magnesium chloride.

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SCIENCE

Science

Oxidation State and Electrical Charge of Essential Minerals

Elemental particles and larger molecules can have positive and negative electrical charges. If an ion has additional electrons, it will have a negative charge. If an ion is missing electrons, it will have a positive charge. This electrical charge is referred to as the ion’s ‘oxidation state.’

Essential minerals are only useful to the human body if they are in the right oxidation state. The plot of the film Erin Brockovich concerns the difference between trivalent chromium [chromium3+, or chromium (III)] which is regarded as a dietary mineral and hexavalent chromium [chromium6+, or chromium (VI)] which is highly toxic and mutagenic.

Zinc (II)

Zinc in oxidation state (II), or Zn2+, is transported from the digestive system to the rest of the body.
 

Copper (II)

Copper(II), or Cu2+, is reduced to copper(I) in the human digestive system, then transported to the rest of the body. Copper(II) in blood serum is connectedwith the recently described cellular process “cuproptosis.”
 

Magnesium (II)

Magnesium in oxidation state (II), or Mg2+, is transported from the digestivesystem to the rest of the body. Magnesium might be able to get into the lymphatic system beneath the dermis and enter the circulatory system.

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History

HISTORY

Naturally occurring sulfur and metal sulfates have been used for their salubrious effects on humans for thousands of years. The medical traditions of classical antiquity paid particular attention to the healing properties of natural hot springs and the metal sulfates found there, as described by physicians such as Galen, and natural philosophers like Pliny the Elder.

Blue Vitriol / Vitriol of Cyprus /Roman vitriol (copper(II) sulfate)
Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriolof copper, and Roman vitriol. In nature, it is found as the mineral known as chalcocyanite. The pentahydrate also occurs in nature as chalcanthite.

White Vitriol (zinc(II) sulfate)
Zinc sulfate is used as a dietary supplement to treat zinc deficiency and to prevent the condition in those at high risk. As a mineral, ZnSO4·7H2O is known as goslarite. Zinc sulfateoccurs as several other minor minerals, such as zincmelanterite. 

Silver Vitriol (magnesium(II) sulfate)
Magnesium(II) sulfate  is usually encountered in the form known as Epsom salt, which is a household chemical with many traditional uses, including bath salts. Epsomite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The normal form is as massive encrustations, while acicular or fibrous crystals are rarely found. It is colorless to white with tints of yellow, green and pink. It was first systematically described in 1806 for an occurrence near Epsom, Surrey, England, after which it was named.

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